Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. the transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. the inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. as societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods. as society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. it became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of interme¬diaries or "middlemen." these intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing. as defined by the american marketing association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user " marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. the local carpenter in guatemala or the supermarket manager in japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. however, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. in addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products. the transfer of goods took place because: