Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. when deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. all these elements influence the breadth of the product line. determining where to position particular products is an impor¬tant marketing decision. an item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. in addition to positioning with respect to consumer seg¬ments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. a magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader if, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. this process is known as trading up. another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to con¬sumer goods marketers, deals with brands. branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. it identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. the marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. when a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. a firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. the hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names. what is trading up?