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The irish travellers are the largest minority in ireland. there are about 25,000 irish travellers in ireland and 1,300 in northern ireland. they are a little understood nomadic community, who have many difficulties to overcome if they are to survive as a culture and gain acceptance into irish society. among the challenges facing them are poverty and racism. the irish travellers are a distinct ethnic group which has existed for centuries. often they are mistakenly considered part of the nomadic romani, an ethnic group which originated in the region of india and is now widespread throughout europe. but the irish travellers are indigenous to ireland, so the two cultures are not related. while both are nomadic, the irish travellers are roman catholic and speak a language that is theirs alone. they have their own culture, customs, traditions, and language. they are noted for their musical and storytelling abilities. in times past, they travelled by horse-drawn wagon in caravans, making camp along the way. tinsmithing, horse trading and peddling were the major sources of income in those days. tinsmiths were so prevalent among irish travellers that the terms tinker and irish traveller were used interchangeably. today, tinker is one of many names for irish travellers. horses and wagons have given way to mobile homes pulled by motor vehicles. they continue their life on the road, but there are fewer places to stop and fewer places where they are welcome. today, irish travellers mainly work in recycling. changing needs of society and progress have eliminated the jobs that could support a culture on wheels. irish travellers are poor, undereducated, and on the receiving end of discrimination. their life expectancy is lower than average while their infant mortality rate is higher than average. as is the case with the romani, the irish travellers are seen by many as a group of immoral, ignorant criminals and con artists. people distrust their nomadic culture and their language, shelta. many think it's a secret language specifically developed as a tool to help the irish travellers trick innocent people. but this is not true. it is an old language, which has evolved with time and circumstances. once heavily infused with irish gaelic, it is now infused with english. irish travellers have mobile homes pulled ... now.

Почитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ banks are among the most important financial institutions. the way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its objectives. the first and the most important function of a central bank is to accept responsibility for advising the government on the making of the country`s financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out. the aim of commercial banks is to earn profit. over the years banks have developed organizational forms, or structures, designed to perform these various roles and to supply the services their customers demand. a commercial bank which provides the` same range of services year after year is less likely to be successful. successful competing in the constantly changing global business environment requires market-driven strategies that are responsive to customers` needs and wants. executives who do not recognize the change`s occurring in the vast array of markets for products and services will not be able to cope with the unprecedented competitive pressure in the market place. to improve competitive advantages they are drastically altering their business and marketing strategies which may include downsizing, repositioning, market segmentation, altering the business portfolio, pricing, promotion and strategic alliances between companies. with the global increase in the number of competitors banks face in their major markets, more and more banking firms have become market-driven and more alert to the changing service demands of their customers and also to the challenges posed by bank and nonbank competitors. this trend forced bank managers to become more concerned with service marketing activities and with profitability and growth. banks are usually organized to follow their functions and supply the services as efficiently as possible. moreover, as larger banks generally offer more services, a bank`s size is also a significant factor in determining how banks are organized. to cope with competitive pressure in the market place bank executives should …

Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ most well-run organizations attempt to develop and follow strategies, large-scale action plans for interacting with the environment in,order to achieve long-term goals. a comprehensive statement of an organization`s strategies, along with`its mission arid goals, constitutes an organization`s strategic plan. to learn where such strategies originate and how they are put in action, we need to examine carefully an aspect of the planning function called strategic management. strategic management is a process through which managers formulate and implement strategies geared to optimizing strategic goal achievement, given available environmental and internal conditions. this definition recognizes that strategic management is oriented toward reaching long-term goals, weighs important environmental elements, considers major internal characteristics of the organization, and involves developing specific strategies. the strategic management process is made up of several major components. the process begins with identifying the organization`s mission and strategic goals. the process also includes analyzing the competitive situation, taking into consideration both the external environment and relevant organizational factors. the part of the strategic management: process triat includes identifying the mission and strategic goals, conducting competitive analysis, and developing specific strategies is often referred to as strategy formulation. in contrast, the part of the strategic management process that focuses on carrying out strategic plans and maintaining control over how those plans are carried out is known as strategy implementation. strategy implementation is increasingly highlighted as a distinct part of the strategic management process because even the most brilliantly formulated strategies must be implemented effectively in order to reach strategic goals. strategic management process includes …

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